蒙台梭利专业术语（上篇）

蒙台梭利

专业术语

从出生到6岁幼儿经历的心智发展期，使得她能从周围环境里快速且轻松地吸收学习，而无需有意识地努力。

From birth through approximately age 6, the young child experiences a period of intense mental activity that allows her to “absorb” learning from her environment quickly and easily without conscious effort.

一个符合逻辑的、适宜发展的学习过程，允许儿童先通过一个具体的形式来理解一个抽象的概念，比如使用按1、10、100、1000分组的金色串珠来学习十进制数学概念。

A logical, developmentally appropriate progression that allows the child to develop an abstract understanding of a concept by first encountering it in a concrete form, such as learning the mathematical concept of the decimal system by working with Golden Beads grouped into units, 10s, 100s, and 1,000s.

蒙特梭利教具经过精心设计，因此儿童工作时能获得学习进度的实时反馈。她可以在没有成人帮助时识别、改正错误并从中学习。将学习控制权交给孩子，可以加强她的自信心、自我激励以及学习能力。

Montessori materials are designed so that the child receives instant feedback about her progress as she works, allowing her to recognize, correct, and learn from an error without adult assistance. Putting control of the activity in the child’s hands strengthens her self-esteem and self-motivation as well as her learning.

教学的意思是“用设计好的材料有目的地教学”，这些特殊设计的教具很多是玛利亚蒙特梭利发明的，它们是蒙特梭利教室的标志。

Didactic meaning “designed or intended to teach,” these are the specially-designed instructional materials—many invented by Maria Montessori—that are a hallmark of all Montessori classrooms.

是指历史上蒙特梭利教室里指定的主班老师。现在一些学校仍称呼主班老师为“女导演”或“向导”；而其他学校则使用更广为接受的称呼，“老师”。在蒙特梭利教育中，老师的角色是通过对每一个儿童兴趣和能力的观察，引导儿童进行有目的的活动。

Historically, the designation for the lead teacher in a Montessori classroom; some schools still refer to the lead teacher as “directress” or “guide,” while others use the more recognizable term, “teacher.” In Montessori education, the role of the teacher is to guide individual children to purposeful activity based upon her observations of each child’s readiness and interests.

Erdkinder —德语意为“大地之子”，这个词描述了为12岁-15岁青少年提供的蒙特梭利学习环境。这个环境将他们与自然联系起来，让他们参与有意义的、动手的工作，为社区做出贡献。Erdkinder项目通常被称为“农场学校”。

Erdkinder – German for “child of the earth,” this term describes a Montessori learning environment for adolescents ages 12 – 15 that connects them with nature and engages them in purposeful, hands-on work in which they contribute to the community. Erdkinder programs are often referred to as “farm schools.”

蒙特梭利教室经过精心和仔细的设计，旨在鼓励儿童在适当行为的合理范围内，自由地活动和选择自己的工作。这些限制是教室里的基本规则，让儿童能够行使他们的自由意志，同时确保他们选择的活动尊重他人和环境。

Montessori classrooms are carefully and thoughtfully designed to encourage children to move about freely and choose their own work, within reasonable limits of appropriate behavior. Those limits are the classroom ground rules, and enable children to exercise their own free will while ensuring that their chosen activities are respectful of others and their environment.

在蒙特梭利教室里，孩子们被正式地教授那些将贯穿他们生活的社交技巧。比如，说“请”和“谢谢”，礼貌地打断谈话，请求而不是要求帮助，以及向客人致以温暖的问候。

In Montessori schools, children are formally instructed in social skills they will use throughout their lives, for example, saying “please” and “thank you,” interrupting conversations politely, requesting rather than demanding assistance, and greeting guests warmly.

蒙特梭利课堂里的规则通常被称为“基本规则”，它们规定了在教室里的适当行为。在一个混龄环境里，基本规则是简洁明了的——儿童可以自由地使用环境里展示的任何材料，只要他们能够尊重地使用它们。在使用过程中，儿童不能损害材料、自己以及其他人。

Classroom rules in the Montessori classroom are typically referred to as “ground rules” which dictate appropriate behavior in the classroom. At all age-levels, the ground rules are simple—children are free to work with any material or activity displayed in the environment as long as they use it respectfully. They may not harm the material, themselves, or others.

未完待续......